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Xylocopa sonorina
''Xylocopa sonorina'', commonly known as the Sonoran carpenter bee, is a carpenter bee found in the eastern Pacific islands.〔Hurd 1958.〕 Males are golden brown and lack stingers; females are black and larger than the males and considered shy. In tropical climates, females will lay eggs all year, with interruptions due to cold weather. After collecting pollen and preparing tunneled chambers out of wood, a single female will deposit eggs on pollen balls within the chamber and seal it. The eggs will hatch two to three days later, with larvae maturing in two weeks, and prepupal and pupal stages lasting 3–4 weeks. New adults will begin buzzing a week later and flying in two to three more weeks.
The Sonoran carpenter bee is distinguished from other species of the genus by differences in their genitalic morphology. The species is one of 11 non-native bees in the U.S. state of Hawaii.〔Leong & Grace 2009, p. 72.〕 Humans are thought to have helped the species colonize Pacific archipelagos. It is not known when ''X. sonorina'' was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, but sometime around 1874, British entomologist Frederick Smith identified it as a new species. ''X. sonorina'' is currently found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except for Kauai, and in the Mariana Islands. In tropical agriculture, ''X. sonorina'' has been used as a pollinator of ''Passiflora edulis'', a species of passion fruit.
==Taxonomy==
Frederick Smith, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum and member of the council of the Entomological Society of London, first identified ''X. sonorina'' in 1874.〔Smith 1874, p. 278.〕 The species was misidentified several times after Smith. In 1899, R. C. L. Perkins described the species as ''Xylocopa aeneipennis'', and in 1922, P. H. Timberlake identified it as ''Xylocopa varipuncta''.〔
Until 1956, it was thought that ''X. sonorina'' came from the Sunda Islands. In a paper published that year, M. A. Lieftinck showed that Smith's data was in error: Smith had mistakenly attributed the habitat of ''X. sonorina'' to the Sunda Islands instead of the Sandwich Islands. Roy R. Snelling predicts that ''X. sonorina'' will eventually be described as a synonym of ''X. varipuncta'', however, the two species are presently distinguished by alleged differences in their genitalic morphology.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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